Condition reference
PainEmergency and critical care pain
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WSAVA guideline
Guidelines for the Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain
Opioids are the mainstay of immediate ICU analgesia, started at a low dose and titrated up; ketamine or lidocaine infusions are added for severe or neuropathic-component pain, and NSAIDs are withheld until the patient's volume, cardiovascular, and renal status are stable. Low-dose alpha-2 agonists and anxiolytics (trazodone, gabapentin) support sedation and stress management alongside analgesia.
Monteiro BP, et al. 2022 WSAVA guidelines for the recognition, assessment and treatment of pain. J Small Anim Pract. 2023;64:177–254. Emergency and Critical Care protocol PDF (wsava.org).
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